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Mengenal Oil Tanker dan Chemical Tanker

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Kapal tanker ialah kapal yang dirancang untuk mengangkut minyak atau produk turunannya. Jenis utama kapal tanker termasuk tanker minyak, tanker kimia, dan pengangkut LNG.

Di antara berbagai jenis kapal tanker, supertanker dirancang untuk mengangkut minyak sekitar Tanduk Afrika dan Timur Tengah. Supertanker Knock Nevis adalah pengangkut terbesar di dunia.



Di samping mengangkut pipa saluran, kapal tanker juga kendaraan untuk mengangkut minyak mentah, yang kadang-kadang dapat menimbulkan malapetaka lingkungan akibat tumpahan minyaknya ke laut. Untuk malapetaka yang terkenal yang diakibatkan oleh kapal tanker, lihat Torrey Canyon, Exxon Valdez, Amoco Cadiz, Erika, Prestige.

Secara umum, kapal tanker terdiri dari dua jenis: product tanker dan crude carrier. Di luar itu, ada jenis tanker yang lebih khusus seperti chemical tanker, gas/LPG/LNG provider dan asphalt/bitumen carrier. Sampai tahun 2016, terdapat 7.065 buah Oil Tanker di dunia (Statistika.com).

 

Product Tanker

Oil Product Tanker, atau cukup disebut product tanker, adalah jenis kapal tanker yang khusus mengangkut produk minyak, yaitu hasil pengolahan minyak mentah (crude oil) di kilang pengolahan (oil refinery plant).

Oil product tanker dibedakan berdasarkan jenis minyak (clean dan dirty) dan tankinya. Clean product adalah produk minyak yang ringan seperti avtur, bensin, minyak tanah, dan photo voltaic . Sedangkan yang lebih berat seperti minyak bakar (oil fuel) dan residu, disebut grimy product

Tanki pada Clean Product Tanker dilapisi bahan khusus (coating) untuk mencegah korosi dan harus selalu dibersihkan terlebih dahulu sebelum pemuatan. Jenis tanker ini umumnya memiliki sistem pemisah sehingga dapat memuat jenis minyak yang berbeda tanpa resiko bercampur. Clean Product Tanker dapat mengangkut grimy product (kecuali jenis yang paling berat), sedangkan Dirty Product Tanker tidak dapat memuat blank product.

Tanki pada Dirty Product Tanker tidak dilapisi bahan khusus dan tidak memiliki sistem pemisahan, namun dilengkapi koil pemanas untuk mencegah pembekuan saat mengangkut produk minyak yang memiliki densitas yang besar.

Crude Carrier Berikut adalah pengelompokan kapal tanker menurut kapasitasnya:

Kategori Ukuran Tanker (U.S. EIA)

Crude Carrier adalah kapal tanker pengangkut crude oil atau minyak mentah. Cargo curah cair ini umumnya homogen. Perbedaan spesifikasi minyak mentah tidak berpengaruh karena pada akhirnya akan diolah di tahap berikutnya. Ukuran Crude Carrier mulai dari 50,000 MT dwt hingga sekitar 500,000 MT dwt.

Ukuran Kapal Tanker

Berdasarkan ukurannya, baik product/refined tanker dan crude carrier, dikelompokkan sebagai berikut:

General Purpose Tanker Biasanya digunakan mengangkut subtle product, berukuran 10,000 MT hingga 25,000 MT dwt.

Handysize Tanker Digunakan untuk mengangkut subtle product, ukurannya 25,000 MT hingga 40,000 MT dwt.

MR (Medium Range) Tanker Digunakan untuk mengangkut subtle product, dengan ukuran 40,000 MT hingga 55,000 MT dwt.

TI Asia (441.893 dwt) vs Eagle Otome (95663 dwt) (Foto: Georgi Minev)

LR1 (Long Range 1) Tanker. Ada yang membawa subtle merchandise dan crude oil. Tanker kategori ini yang mengangkut grimy product biasanya disebut panamax tankers. LR1 and panamax tanker memiliki bobot mati 55,000 MT hingga 80,000 MT.

LR2 (Long Range 2) Tanker. Jenis ini membawa product dan crude oil. Ukurannya berkisar 80,000 MT dwt -160,000 MT dwt. Tanker pengangkut crude oil biasanya disebut Aframax tanker (80,000 MT -120,000 MT dwt) dan Suezmax tanker (120,000 MT – 160,000 MT dwt).

Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC) and Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC). Tanker ini hanya pengangkut minyak mentah. Ukuran VLCC adalah 320,000 MT dan ULCC sebesar 550,000 MT dwt.

Chemical tanker

Desain Chemical tanker

Kapal tanker kimia adalah kapal kargo yang dibangun atau disesuaikan dan digunakan untuk mengangkut bahan kimia cair dalam bentuk curah. Kapal tanker kimia diharuskan mematuhi berbagai aspek keselamatan yang diuraikan dalam Bagian B dari SOLAS Bab VIII dan International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code).

Kargo kimia curah cair termasuk jenis muatan yang berbahaya, sebagian besar mudah terbakar dan/atau beracun. IBC Code membagi kapal tanker kimia dalam tiga jenis berdasarkan kapabilitasnya mengangkut bahan kimia, yaitu ST1, ST2, dan ST3.

Chemical Tanker

Chemical tanker disebut juga parcel tanker. Biasanya berukuran kecil, dari sekitar 5.000 ton dwt hingga 25.000 dwt. Beberapa kapal tanker pengangkut bahan kimia ini ada yang berukuran hingga 50.000 ton dwt. Pada tahun 2016, populasi kapal tanker jenis di dunia adalah 5.204 unit (Statistika.com).

Untuk membawa kargo berbahaya, tanker ini memiliki standar keamanan yang tinggi, antara lain: Tangki dilapisi bahan khusus (seperti stainless steel, epoxy resin dan zinc silicate) demi mencegah reaksi antara bahan kimia dan lambung kapal. Setiap tangki memiliki sistem pompa dan pemipaan tersendiri, sehingga muatan dalam setiap tangki dapat dimuat dan dikeluarkan secara terpisah. Pemisahaan ini untuk mencegah kontaminasi antar jenis bahan kimia berbeda. [AF]

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